One of the major challenges faced by maintenance engineers across many industries is the limited amount of time in which urgent repairs must be carried out. In the real world, when a rapid repair is required, idealsurface preparationis not always an option.
Many available repair solutions are not compatible with minimal surface preparation, and therefore can often lead to failure. Producing faster curingepoxy materialsand those curing at lower temperatures have long been goals of protectivecoatingsandcomposites suppliers. Improved production rates, reduced time for job completion and the ability to apply materials at lower temperatures and extend equipment life are attractive to the applicator, end user and owner alike.
A critical aspect of any repair material is its ability to adhere to thesubstrate. Standards for coatings andrepair compositesrequire at least a 75 micron grit-blastedsurface profile, and SA 2.5/NACE No. 2 /SSPC-SP 10near-white metal surface cleanliness. It is critical that the substrate be clean, dry and free of oil andsalt contaminants. Unfortunately, meeting all these requirements in the field can often be difficult, if not impossible. (For more on this subject, seeNovel In-situ Repair of Leaking Oil Tanks Solves Maintenance Dilemma.)
常见材料的局限性
Common problems with available materials result in longer downtime intervals, higher costs and higher incidence of failures. Commercial adhesives do not tend to perform well whenbondingto oil-contaminated substrates in wet or aquatic environments, especially at low temperatures.
Common surface-tolerant bonding adhesives are slow to治愈and have relatively lowbond strengthscompared to adhesives formulated for dry applications. Traditionalacrylicadhesives have longer set times that slow assembly processes and lower impact resistance, resulting in brittle bonds. These materials also have a limited shelf life and high odor levels that can cause health and safety concerns. And mostpolymerrepair solutions are not compatible with minimal surface preparation, and can often lead to failure.
These systems fall short for use in adverse conditions for a variety of reasons. In two-component adhesive systems, the chemically reactive components needed forcuring通常反应低水的存在和oil, and thus create poor-quality bonds. Light curable adhesives generally require external heat sources, making them less desirable from a logistical standpoint. Fewthermally curedadhesives result in rapid, high-strengthadhesion在高湿度环境,甚至更少的函数ments. Moisture reduces adhesion and low water temperatures reduce exothermic cure for underwater adhesives. As a result, underwater adhesives either cure poorly or require long治愈timesto obtain sufficient adhesive properties.
Latest Technology Development
Newpolymerictechnology has led to the development of an epoxy-based paste grade material called Belzona 1212, which addresses on-site emergency repair challenges. It can be applied on oily, wet and even underwater surfaces, which eases some of the typical surface preparation requirements.
With a high level of tolerance to surfacecontaminationand excellent adhesion to manually prepared substrates, the material allows the epoxy to penetrate the profile and create a strong机械债券withoutgrit blasting. The minimal surface preparation requirement isSSPC-SP 11 Power Tool Cleaning to Bare Metal.
The cold curing system achieves excellent adhesion where grit blasting is not possible, including problem areas such as water, oil and fuel leaks on storage tanks, pipework, transformers and sumps. After mixing the two components, Belzona 1212 cures rapidly even at temperatures as low as 41°F (5°C).
The ability to apply the material in high-moisture and underwater environments makes it suitable for the long-term repair of offshore structures, marine vessels, splash zones and coastal structures. Ship hulls, rudders, propellers and ballast tanks can be repaired without taking the equipment out of service.
Surface Tolerance, Cure, and Mechanical Strength
When applied to contaminated ground mild steel surfaces prepared in accordance with SSPC-SP11/ISO 8501-01 St3, Belzona 1212 demonstrates excellent adhesion to surfaces contaminated with an extensive range of oils and fuels.
Figure 1 shows the results of theDolly Pull-Off Adhesion testwhen applied to oil-contaminated, wet, and underwater surfaces, tested in accordance withASTM D4541. (This test and others are discussed in4 Types of Tests that Measure the Strength of a Coating.) From left to right, the orange bars in the graph below show the adhesion rates for transformer oil, diesel, gearbox oil, crude oil, hydraulic fluids and synthetic motor oil. The blue bars show performance in wet and underwater conditions.
Dolly Pull-Off Adhesion Test
Figure1.Adhesion of Belzona 1212 to contaminated mild steel surfaces prepared to SSPC-SP11/ISO 8501-01 St3 (power tool cleaned).
Adhesive performance is maintained on ground steel even when the surface is contaminated. As shown in Figure 2, the adhesive strength of the system to ground steel (orange) and grit-blasted steel (blue) is similar, regardless of levels ofimmersion, contamination and surface preparation when tested in accordance withASTM D1002.
Tensile Shear Adhesion (ASTM D1002)
Figure 2. Adhesion of Belzona 1212 to contaminated mild steel surfaces prepared to SSPC-SP11/ISO 8501-01 St3 (power tool cleaned).
To minimize downtime, it is important that a repair material cures and develops mechanical strength quickly. This system will cure rapidly after mixing the two components even in low temperatures, without compromising on durability or strength. Figure 3 shows the development of adhesive strength over time at a range of low temperatures.
Rapid Cure
Figure 3. Belzona 1212 cures rapidly even in low temperatures.
A timed load test was conducted to demonstrate the speed of cure and strength of the system:
- Following a 90-minute cure at 68°F (20°C), a one-inch square bracket bonded with Belzona 1212 was able to support atensile loadof greater than 440 lbs. (200 kg).
- After a 4-hour cure at 68°F (20°C), the same bracket was able to support a load of greater than 2,204 lbs. (1,000 kg).
- The material continued to develop mechanical strength and once fully cured, the bracket supported a load in excess of 3,968 lbs. (1,800 kg).
To cope with harsh operating conditions, the repair material must be strong, durable and robust, where one of the most important characteristics iscompressive strength, i.e., the ability of the material to resist failure when stressed axially under compressive load.
When tested in accordance withASTM D695, the compressive strength of the ambient-cured system is typically 12375 psi (85.3 MPa), highlighting its high mechanical performance.
Conclusions
Product suppliers, applicators, maintenance engineers and asset owners alike have long-faced the challenge of reducing the level of high-cost surface preparation without degrading the performance of the repair material. To overcome this apparent disparity between levels of cleanliness and product performance, many new products are being developed.
New technology in polymeric materials has led to the development of a fast cure epoxy-based product, which offers new opportunities when ideal surface preparation of the metallic substrate cannot be achieved due to lack of time or resources. (For more information, be sure to readDesigning & Testing a New ISO/ASTM-Compliant Composite Repair Solution.)
Where conventional repair composites would be ineffective and perform poorly, the new technology bonds tenaciously onto steel substrates even when surface preparation is minimal or if the substrate is heavily contaminated with oil or water. Belzona 1212 provides a cost-effective repair that can reinstate equipment for years of service.